http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism
Metaphysics Phenomena such as life, mind and conscience only arise in systems. This means these things cannot be explained by the study of nerves, cells or atoms. Many religions take a holistic approach to consciousness.
One theory of holism is based on the hypothesis that nature consists of a hierarchy of "wholes" (also called "holons", a term created by Arthur Koestler). These "wholes" are quarks, protons, atoms, molecules, minerals, cells, tissues, organisms, populations.